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江苏省人大常委会


徐州市集体矿山企业和个体采矿管理条例
江苏省人大常委会


（1995年9月26日江苏省徐州市第十一届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十一次会议通过 1995年10月19日江苏省第八届人民代表大会常务委员会第十七次会议批准）

目 录

第一章 总 则
第二章 开采范围
第三章 审批和发证
第四章 开采管理
第五章 法律责任
第六章 附 则

第一章 总 则
第一条 为合理开发、利用和保护矿产资源，加强对集体矿山企业和个体开采矿产资源的监督管理，保障安全生产、保护矿区环境，促进矿业经济的发展，根据《中华人民共和国矿产资源法》、《江苏省集体矿山企业和个体采矿管理办法》及其他有关法律、法规，结合本市实际情况，
制定本条例。
第二条 凡本市行政区域内的集体矿山企业和个体采矿者从事矿产资源开采的，都必须遵守本条例。
第三条 市、县（市）、贾汪区人民政府地质矿产主管部门（以下简称地矿部门）负责本行政区域内的集体矿山企业和个体采矿的监督管理工作，主要职责为：宣传贯彻国家和省矿产资源管理的法律、法规，制订保护和合理开发利用矿产资源的规划、政策和措施；对集体矿产企业和个
体申请采矿进行复核、发证和注册登记，指导和帮助集体矿山企业和个体采矿提高生产技术水平和资源利用率，提供技术资料和技术服务。
第四条 矿产资源属国家所有。地表或地下的矿产资源的国家所有权，不因其所依附的土地所有权或使用权的不同而改变。
禁止任何单位或个人侵占和破坏矿产资源。未经地矿部门批准，任何单位和个人不得开采矿产资源。
第五条 市、县（市）、贾汪区人民政府对集体矿山企业和个体开采矿产资源应统一规划、有效保护、合理开采、综合利用。
集体矿山企业和个体开采矿产资源应依法缴纳税、费。
集体矿山企业和个体采矿者的合法权益受法律保护。

第二章 开采范围
第六条 集体矿山企业可以开采下列范围内的矿产资源：
（一）不适于国家建设大、中型矿山企业的矿床及矿点；
（二）经国有矿山企业同意并经其上级主管部门批准，在其矿区范围内划出的边缘零星矿产；
（三）矿山闭坑后，经原矿山企业主管部门确认可以安全生产的残留矿体；
（四）与国有矿山企业联办，应经国有矿山企业上级主管部门批准方可开采国有矿山企业矿区范围内的矿产资源；
（五）国家规划可以由集体矿山企业开采的其他矿产资源。
第七条 个体采矿者可以开采以下范围的矿产资源：
（一）零星分散的小矿体或矿点；
（二）用作普通建筑材料的砂、石、粘土。
第八条 集体矿山企业和个体采矿者不得在下列地区采矿：
（一）港口、机场、国防工程设施和工业区所划定的安全范围内；
（二）县级以上人民政府划定的基本农田保护区、自然保护区、风景区、历史文物和名胜古迹的保护范围内；
（三）市政工程设施、重要的输变电工程设施、地下管线、居民区周围三百米距离内；
（四）铁路、公路（国道、省道、市、县级主要交通道）两侧三百米距离内；
（五）河流、堤坝、大中型水利工程设施三百米距离内；
（六）县级以上人民政府规划的大、中型矿山已划定的范围内；
（七）正在进行地质勘查的作业区；
（八）常年积水的水体下；
（九）市、县（市）、贾汪区人民政府划定禁止开采的地区；
（十）国家和省规定禁止开采的其他地区。
禁止个体采矿者在国有矿山企业矿区范围内采矿。
第九条 集体矿山企业和个体采矿开采地点和范围依法划定后，应按以下规定设置矿界标志：
（一）集体矿山企业的矿界标志由县（市）、贾汪区地矿部门会同有关部门设置；
（二）个体采矿的矿界标志由乡（镇）人民政府设置；
（三）贾汪区以外的其他市区内的集体矿山企业和个体采矿的矿界标志，由市地矿部门设置。
任何单位和个人不准擅自移动或破坏矿界标志。

第三章 审批和发证
第十条 集体矿山企业和个体开采矿产资源，应依法向所在地县级以上人民政府的地矿部门提出申请，经批准并领取采矿许可证。
第十一条 申请开办集体矿山企业或个体采矿，应具备下列条件：
（一）有必要的地质矿产资料、可开采储量和开采方案；
（二）有明确的无争议的地域界限和空间开采范围；
（三）有与采矿规模相适应的资金、设备、技术人员以及安全生产条件和环境保护措施；
（四）有地下开采的可行性论证；
（五）需要使用土地的应依法取得土地使用权。
第十二条 集体矿山企业开采矿产资源，应提出申请，按以下规定审批：
（一）开采盐岩资源的，由县级地矿部门签署意见，经市地矿部门审核，报省地矿部门批准；
（二）开采煤炭资源的，由市、县（市）、贾汪区煤炭工业主管部门审查办矿条件，经市地矿部门审核，报省地质矿产主管部门和煤炭工业主管部门批准；
（三）开采铁矿资源的，在国有矿区范围内采矿，应经国有铁矿企业及其上级主管部门签署意见，报市地矿部门批准；在其他地区采矿的，直接报市地矿部门批准；
（四）除国家实行保护性开采的特定矿种以外的其他矿种，由乡镇人民政府签署意见，报资源所在地市、县（市）、贾汪区地矿部门批准。
第十三条 集体矿山企业凭开采矿产资源批准文件，向矿产资源所在地县级以上人民政府计划主管部门申请立项。凭批准文件到地矿部门办理采矿登记，领取采矿许可证，缴纳采矿登记费。
第十四条 集体矿山企业有下列情形之一的，由市地矿部门颁发采矿许可证：
（一）开采煤、铁资源的；
（二）矿山企业属县级或相当于县级单位开办的；
（三）除贾汪区以外其他市区开办的；
（四）与国有矿山企业或与外省、市联办的；
（五）法律、法规另有规定的。
除前款所列各项外，采矿许可证由矿产资源所在地县级地矿部门颁发。
第十五条 个体采矿者开采下列矿种，应提出申请，按下列规定审批：
（一）开采零星分散铁矿资源的，由资源所在地乡（镇）人民政府签署意见，经县级地矿部门审核，报市地矿部门批准；

（二）采挖砂、石、粘土的，由资源所在地乡（镇）人民政府签署意见，报县级地矿部门批准。
第十六条 个体采矿者凭开采矿产资源批准文件，到资源所在地的市、县（市）、贾汪区地矿部门办理采矿登记，领取采矿许可证，缴纳采矿登记费。
第十七条 集体矿山企业和个体采矿者应当持有省人民政府地质矿产主管部门统一印制的采矿许可证。
采矿许可证严禁伪造和涂改，不得质押或转让。
第十八条 集体矿山企业露天采矿的，许可证的有效期最长为五年，地下采矿的最长为十年，个体采矿许可证的有效期最长为三年。采矿许可证需要延长的，应在许可证期满前三个月内到原发证机关申请延续登记，换领采矿许可证；需变更开采范围及矿种的，应到相应的发证机关办理
变更登记，换领采矿许可证。
第十九条 集体矿山企业和个体采矿者，凭采矿许可证到工商行政管理、税务、公安部门申请办理营业执照、税务登记和购买爆炸物品有关手续等。
第二十条 集体矿山企业和个体采矿者在下列地区开采矿产资源的，应经有关主管部门签署意见后，报地矿部门审批：

（一）在林区的，经林业主管部门签署意见；
（二）在河道、湖泊、水库及航道管理范围内的，经水行政主管部门及航道主管部门签署意见；
（三）在山区、丘陵区、水土流失严重的沙土区的，须有水行政主管部门同意的水土保持方案。

第四章 开采管理
第二十一条 集体矿山企业和个体采矿应遵守下列规定：
（一）按核定的开采范围开采，禁止越界、越层开采；
（二）按合理的矿山设计或采矿方案开采，禁止乱采滥挖，浪费和破坏矿产资源；
（三）井下开采应测绘井上、井下开采工程对照图；
（四）占用的土地应是经批准的用地范围；
（五）按地矿部门的规定填报矿产资源开发利用情况统计表。
第二十二条 集体矿山企业和个体采矿者领取采矿许可证后，应在六个月内组织施工。
停止开采或关闭矿山的，应当提前三个月向批准采矿的地矿部门提出停采或闭坑报告，经地矿、土地、环保等有关部门对土地复垦利用、环境保护措施等验收合格的，方可撤离开采区，并按规定缴销原用证件。
第二十三条 集体矿山企业和个体采矿者应按月缴纳矿产资源补偿费。
下列集体矿山企业应当按照省人民政府的规定缴纳矿产资源管理费：
（一）县级或相当于县级单位开办的；
（二）与国有矿山企业或外省、市联办的；
（三）由外省、市人员承包的。
第二十四条 市、县（市）、贾汪区地矿部门，对集体矿山企业和个体采矿的开采范围、产（储）量变化、安全生产及有无违法采矿行为等必须进行年检注册登记。

第五章 法律责任
第二十五条 对下列违反本条例的行为，由市、县（市）、贾汪区地矿部门按照以下规定处罚；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任：
（一）未经批准开采矿产资源的，责令其停止开采，赔偿损失，没收违法所得，并处违法所得百分之十至百分之五十的罚款，拒不停止开采的，依法采取封闭、关闭等措施，对违法开采的组织者，可以追究其行政、法律责任；
（二）越层越界开采矿产资源的，责令其退回本矿区范围内开采，没收违法所得，赔偿损失，并处违法所得百分之十至百分之三十的罚款；拒不退回本矿区范围内开采的吊销采矿许可证；
（三）采取破坏性开采方法严重破坏矿产资源的，责令其停止破坏性开采，赔偿损失，并处损失数额百分之十至百分之五十的罚款，情节严重的，吊销采矿许可证；
（四）违反本条例第八条第一款规定的，责令其停止开采，赔偿损失，没收违法所得，并处违法所得百分之三十至百分之五十的罚款；
（五）个体采矿者在国有矿山企业矿区范围内采矿的，责令退出，赔偿损失，没收违法所得，并处一万元以上五万元以下罚款；
（六）伪造、涂改、转让采矿许可证的，收缴采矿许可证，没收违法所得，并处违法所得一倍的罚款；
（七）用采矿权质押的，吊销采矿许可证，并处一千元以上五千元以下罚款。
第二十六条 违反本条例规定，有下列行为之一的，由市、县（市）、贾汪区地矿部门分别按照下列规定处罚：
（一）地下采矿无井上、井下开采工程对照图的，责令其限期测绘，并处一千元以上五千元以下罚款；
（二）擅自移动或者毁坏矿界标志的，责令其限期恢复原状，并处三千元以下罚款；
（三）未按规定期限进行年检的，责令其限期年检，拒不年检的，吊销其采矿许可证。
第二十七条 领取采矿许可证后，无正当理由六个月不进行采矿施工的，由发证机关吊销采矿许可证。
第二十八条 未依法缴纳税、费或未按规定办理土地使用手续及违反本条例第二十条、第二十二条规定的，由有关主管部门依法查处。
第二十九条 拒绝、阻碍国家工作人员依法执行公务，辱骂、围攻、殴打管理人员的，由公安机关依照《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》予以处罚。构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
第三十条 当事人对行政处罚决定不服的，可依据《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》和《行政复议条例》的规定提起诉讼或申请复议。逾期不申请复议也不提起诉讼，又不履行处罚决定的，由作出处罚决定的行政机关申请人民法院强制执行。
第三十一条 地矿部门工作人员玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊的，由其所在单位或者上级主管机关予以行政处分，构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。

第六章 附 则
第三十二条 私营企业依照集体矿山企业的有关规定执行。
第三十三条 本条例自公布之日起施行。



1995年10月19日
The National People's Congress


GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's
Congress, promulgated by Order No. 37 of the President of the People's
Republic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)

Contents
Chapter I Basic Principles
Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil
Conduct
Section 2 Guardianship
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm
Households
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social
Organization as Legal Persons
Section 4 Economic Association
Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Section 2 Agency
Chapter V Civil Rights
Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights
Section 2 Creditors' Rights
Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights
Section 4 Personal Rights
Chapter VI Civil Liability
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract
Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of Rights
Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil Liability
Chapter VII Limitation of Action
Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners
Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I Basic Principles
Article 1
This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual
situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil
activities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and
interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil
relations, so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist
modernization.
Article 2
The Civil Law of the People's Republic of China shall adjust property
relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal
status, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and between
citizens and legal persons.
Article 3
Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.
Article 4
In civil activities, the principles of voluntariness, fairness, making
compensation for equal value, honesty and credibility shall be observed.
Article 5
The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall
be protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.
Article 6
Civil activities must be in compliance with the law; where there are no
relevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with state
policies.
Article 7
Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harm
the public interest, undermine state economic plans or disrupt social
economic order.
Article 8
The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activities
within the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated by
law.
The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners
and stateless persons within the People's Republic of China, except as
otherwise stipulated by law.

Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.
Article 9
A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and
shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance with
the law.
Article 10
All citizens are equal as regards their capacity for civil rights.
Article 11
A citizen aged 18 or over shall be an adult. He shall have full capacity
for civil conduct, may independently engage in civil activities and shall
be called a person with full capacity for civil conduct.
A citizen who has reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 and whose
main source of income is his own labour shall be regarded as a person with
full capacity for civil conduct.
Article 12
A minor aged 10 or over shall be a person with limited capacity for civil
conduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his age and
intellect; in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agent
ad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.
A minor under the age of 10 shall be a person having no capacity for civil
conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent ad
litem.
Article 13
A mentally ill person who is unable to account for his own conduct shall
be a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented
in civil activities by his agent ad litem.
A mentally ill person who is unable to fully account for his own conduct
shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engage
in civil activities appropriate to his mental health; in other civil
activities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participate
with the consent of his agent ad litem.
Article 14
The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civil
conduct shall be his agent ad litem.
Article 15
The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence is
registered; if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, his
habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.
Section 2 Guardianship
Article 16
The parents of a minor shall be his guardians.
If the parents of a minor are dead or lack the competence to be his
guardian, a person from the following categories who has the competence to
be a guardian shall act as his guardian:
(1) paternal or maternal grandparent;
(2) elder brother or sister; or
(3) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the units of the
minor's parents or from the neighbourhood or village committee in the
place of the minor's residence. In case of a dispute over guardianship,
the units of the minor's parents or the neighbourhood or village committee
in the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among the
minor's near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to a
lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first two paragraphs of this article
is available to be the guardian, the units of the minor's parents, the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of the minor's residence
or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 17
A person from the following categories shall act as guardian for a
mentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct:
(1) spouse;
(2) parent;
(3) adult child;
(4) any other near relative;
(5) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to which
the mentally ill person belongs or from the neighbourhood or village
committee in the place of his residence. In case of a dispute over
guardianship, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shall
appoint a guardian from among his near relatives. If disagreement over the
appointment leads to a lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first paragraph of this article is
available to be the guardian, the unit to which the mentally ill person
belongs, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his
residence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 18
A guardian shall fulfil his duty of guardianship and protect the person,
property and other lawful rights and interests of his ward. A guardian
shall not handle the property of his ward unless it is in the ward's
interests.
A guardian's rights to fulfil his guardianship in accordance with the law
shall be protected by law.
If a guardian does not fulfil his duties as guardian or infringes upon the
lawful rights and interests of his ward, he shall be held responsible; if
a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate for
such loss. The people's court may disqualify a guardian based on the
application of a concerned party or unit.
Article 19
A person who shares interests with a mental patient may apply to a
people's court for a declaration that the mental patient is a person
without or with limited capacity for civil conduct.
With the recovery of the health of a person who has been declared by a
people's court to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct,
and upon his own application or that of an interested person, the people's
court may declare him to be a person with limited or full capacity for
civil conduct.
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Article 20
If a citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interested
person may apply to a people's court for a declaration of the citizen as
missing.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 21
A missing person's property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse,
parents, adult children or other closely connected relatives or friends.
In case of a dispute over custody, if the persons stipulated above are
unavailable or are incapable of taking such custody, the property shall be
placed in the custody of a person appointed by the people's court. Any
taxes, debts and other unpaid expenses owed by a missing person shall
defrayed by the custodian out of the missing person's property.
Article 22
In the event that a person who has been declared missing reappears or his
whereabouts are ascertained, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
missing-person status.
Article 23
Under either of the following circumstances, an interested person may
apply to the people's court for a declaration of a citizen's death:
(1) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for four years or
(2) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years after the
date of an accident in which he was involved.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 24
In the event that a person who has been declared dead reappears or it is
ascertained that he is alive, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
death.
Any civil juristic acts performed by a person with capacity for civil
conduct during the period in which he has been declared dead shall be
valid.
Article 25
A person shall have the right to request the return of his property, if
the declaration of his death has been revoked. Any citizen or organization
that has obtained such property in accordance with the Law of Succession
shall return the original items or make appropriate compensation if the
original items no longer exist.
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm Households
Article 26
"Individual businesses" refers to business run by individual citizens who
have been lawfully registered and approved to engage in industrial or
commercial operation within the sphere permitted by law. An individual
business may adopt a shop name.
Article 27
"Leaseholding farm households" refers to members of a rural collective
economic organization who engage in commodity production under a contract
and within the spheres permitted by law.
Article 28
The legitimate rights and interests of individual businesses and
leaseholding farm households shall be protected by law.
Article 29
The debts of an individual business or a leaseholding farm household shall
be secured with the individual's property if the business is operated by
an individual and with the family's property if the business is operated
by a family.
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Article 30
"Individual partnership" refers to two or more citizens associated in a
business and working together, with each providing funds, material
objects, techniques and so on according to an agreement.
Article 31
Partners shall make a written agreement covering the funds each is to
provide, the distribution of profits, the responsibility for debts, the
entering into and withdrawal from partnership, the ending of partnership
and other such matters.
Article 32
The property provided by the partners shall be under their unified
management and use. The property accumulated in a partnership operation
shall belong to all the partners.
Article 33
An individual partnership may adopt a shop name; it shall be approved and
registered in accordance with the law and conduct business operations
within the range as approved and registered.
Article 34
The operational activities of an individual partnership shall be decided
jointly by the partners, who each shall have the right to carry out and
supervise those activities. The partners may elect a responsible person.
All partners shall bear civil liability for the operational activities of
the responsible person and other personnel.
Article 35
A partnership's debts shall be secured with the partners' property in
proportion to their respective contributions to the investment or
according to the agreement made. Partners shall undertake joint liability
for their partnership's debts, except as otherwise stipulated by law. Any
partner who overpays his share of the partnership's debts shall have the
right to claim compensation from the other partners.

Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Article 36
A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rights
and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and
assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law.
A legal person's capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct
shall begin when the legal person is established and shall end when the
legal person terminates.
Article 37
A legal person shall have the following qualifications:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
(2) possession of the necessary property or funds;
(3) possession of its own name, organization and premises; and
(4) ability to independently bear civil liability.
Article 38
In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legal
person, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person in
exercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative.
Article 39
A legal person's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative
office is located.
Article 40
When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordance
with the law and discontinue all other activities.
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Article 41
An enterprise owned by the whole people or under collective ownership
shall be qualified as a legal person when it has sufficient funds as
stipulated by the state; has articles of association, an organization and
premises; has the ability to independently bear civil liability; and has
been approved and registered by the competent authority. A Chinese-
foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or
foreign-capital enterprise established within the People's Republic of
China shall be qualified as a legal person in China if it has the
qualifications of a legal person and has been approved and registered by
the administrative agency for industry and commerce in according with the
law.
Article 42
An enterprise as legal person shall conduct operations within the range
approved and registered.
Article 43
An enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability for the
operational activities of its legal representatives and other personnel.
Article 44
If an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged or undergoes any
other important change, it shall register the change with the registration
authority and publicly announce it.
When an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged, its rights and
obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the new legal person that
results from the change.
Article 45
An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following
reasons:
(1) if it is dissolved by law;
(2) if it is disbanded;
(3) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; or
(4) for other reasons.
Article 46
When an enterprise as legal person terminates, it shall cancel its
registration with the registration authority and publicly announce the
termination.
Article 47
When an enterprise as legal person is disbanded, it shall establish a
liquidation organization and go into liquidation. When an enterprise as
legal person is dissolved or is declared bankrupt, the competent authority
or a people's court shall organize the organs and personnel concerned to
establish a liquidation organization to liquidate the enterprise.
Article 48
An enterprise owned by the whole people, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property that the state authorizes it to manage. An
enterprise under collective ownership, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property it owns. A Chinese-foreign equity joint
venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital
enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability with the property it
owns, except as stipulated otherwise by law.
Article 49
Under any of the following circumstances, an enterprise as legal person
shall bear liability, its legal representative may additionally be given
administrative sanctions and fined and, if the offence constitutes a
crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with
the law:
(1) conducting illegal operations beyond the range approved and registered
by the registration authority;
(2) concealing facts from the registration and tax authorities and
practising fraud;
(3) secretly withdrawing funds or hiding property to evade repayment of
debts;
(4) disposing of property without authorization after the enterprise is
dissolved, disbanded or declared bankrupt;
(5) failing to apply for registration and make a public announcement
promptly when the enterprise undergoes a change or terminates, thus
causing interested persons to suffer heavy losses;
(6) engaging in other activities prohibited by law, damaging the interests
of the state or the public interest.
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as Legal
Person
Article 50
An independently funded official organ shall be qualified as a legal
person on the day it is established.
If according to law an institution or social organization having the
qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for
registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on
the day it is established; if according to law it does need to go through
the registration procedures, it shall be qualified as a legal person after
being approved and registered.
Section 4 Economic Association
Article 51
If a new economic entity is formed by enterprises or an enterprise and an
institution that engage in economic association and it independently bears
civil liability and has the qualifications of a legal person, the new
entity shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and
registered by the competent authority.
Article 52
If the enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in
economic association conduct joint operation but do not have the
qualifications of a legal person, each party to the association shall, in
proportion to its respective contribution to the investment or according
to the agreement made, bear civil liability with the property each party
owns or manages. If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement,
the parties shall assume joint liability.
Article 53
If the contract for economic association of enterprises or of an
enterprise and an institution specifies that each party shall conduct
operations independently, it shall stipulate the rights and obligations of
each party, and each party shall bear civil liability separately.

Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Article 54
A civil juristic act shall be the lawful act of a citizen or legal person
to establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations.
Article 55
A civil juristic act shall meet the following requirements:
(1) the actor has relevant capacity for civil conduct;
(2) the intention expressed is genuine; and
(3) the act does not violate the law or the public interest.
Article 56
A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form. If the law
stipulates that a particular form be adopted, such stipulation shall be
observed.
Article 57
A civil juristic act shall be legally binding once it is instituted. The
actor shall not alter or rescind his act except in accordance with the law
or with the other party's consent.
Article 58
Civil acts in the following categories shall be null and void:
(1) those performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct;
(2) those that according to law may not be independently performed by a
person with limited capacity for civil conduct;
(3) those performed by a person against his true intentions as a result of
cheating, coercion or exploitation of his unfavourable position by the
other party;
(4) those that performed through malicious collusion are detrimental to
the interest of the state, a collective or a third party;
(5) those that violate the law or the public interest;
(6) economic contracts that violate the state's mandatory plans; and
(7) those that performed under the guise of legitimate acts conceal
illegitimate purposes. Civil acts that are null and void shall not be
legally binding from the very beginning.
Article 59
A party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration
agency to alter or rescind the following civil acts:
(1) those performed by an actor who seriously misunderstood the contents
of the acts;
(2) those that are obviously unfair.
Rescinded civil acts shall be null and void from the very beginning.
Article 60
If part of a civil act is null and void, it shall not affect the validity
of other parts.
Article 61
After a civil act has been determined to be null and void or has been
rescinded, the party who acquired property as a result of the act shall
return it to the party who suffered a loss. The erring party shall
compensate the other party for the losses it suffered as a result of the
act; if both sides are in error, they shall each bear their proper share
of the responsibility.
If the two sides have conspired maliciously and performed a civil act that
is detrimental to the interests of the state, a collective or a third
party, the property that they thus obtained shall be recovered and turned
over to the state or the collective, or returned to the third party.
Article 62
A civil juristic act may have conditions attached to it. Conditional civil
juristic acts shall take effect when the relevant conditions are met.
Section 2 Agency
Article 63
Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agents
An agent shall perform civil juristic acts in the principal's name within
the scope of the power of agency. The principal shall bear civil liability
for the agent's acts of agency. Civil juristic acts that should be
performed by the principal himself, pursuant to legal provisions or the
agreement between the two parties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.
Article 64
Agency shall include entrusted agency, statutory agency and appointed
agency. An entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency as
entrusted by the principal; a statutory agent shall exercise the power of
agency as prescribed by law; and an appointed agent shall exercise the
power of agency as designated by a people's court or the appointing unit.
Article 65
A civil juristic act may be entrusted to an agent in writing or orally. If
legal provisions require the entrustment to be written, it shall be
effected in writing. Where the entrustment of agency is in writing, the
power of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name, the entrusted
tasks and the scope and duration of the power of agency, and it shall be
signed or sealed by the principal.
If the power of attorney is not clear as to the authority conferred, the
principal shall bear civil liability towards the third party, and the
agent shall be held jointly liable.
Article 66
The principal shall bear civil liability for an act performed by an actor
with no power of agency, beyond the scope of his power of agency or after
his power of agency has expired, only if he recognizes the act
retroactively. If the act is not so recognized, the performer shall bear
civil liability for it. If a principal is aware that a civil act is being
executed in his name but fails to repudiate it, his consent shall be
deemed to have been given.
An agent shall bear civil liability if he fails to perform his duties and
thus causes damage to the principal.
If an agent and a third party in collusion harm the principal's interests,
the agent and the third party shall be held jointly liable.
If a third party is aware that an actor has no power of agency, is
overstepping his power of agency, or his power of agency has expired and
yet joins him in a civil act and thus brings damage to other people, the
third party and the actor shall be held jointly liable.
Article 67
If an agent is aware that the matters entrusted are illegal but still
carries them out, or if a principal is aware that his agent's acts are
illegal but fails to object to them, the principal and the agent shall be
held jointly liable.
Article 68
If in the principal's interests an entrusted agent needs to transfer the

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